A Roth conversion moves money from a traditional IRA or 401(k) to a Roth IRA. You pay ordinary income tax on the converted amount in the year of conversion; the money then grows tax-free and is never subject to RMDs.
The best time to convert is usually in the low-income window between retiring and starting RMDs at 73 — but the math is specific to your brackets, tax rates, IRMAA tiers, and expected return. Done right, conversions can save six figures in lifetime taxes.
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